Dichanthelium commutatum

Distribution Map: Based on vouchered plant specimens only. View county names by placing the mouse cursor over a particular county.

Family:	POACEAE
Species:	Dichanthelium commutatum (Schult.)Gould
Common Name:	VARIABLE WITCHGRASS
Plant Notes:	**
Status:	Native, FAC (DEP), FAC (NWI)
Specimen:	View specimen details in the USF Herbarium Specimen Database

** Not applicable or data not available.

Classification

Family	POACEAE
Genus	Dichanthelium
Species	Dichanthelium commutatum (Schult.)Gould - VARIABLE WITCHGRASS

Citation

Citation	DICHANTHELIUM COMMUTATUM (Schultes) Gould, Brittonia 26: 59. 1974.
Basionym:	Panicum commutatum Schultes 1824; Panicum nervosum Muhlenberg ex Elliott 1816, non Lamarck 1798, nec Rottler 1803.
Type:	Without data, Muhlenberg s.n. (lectotype: CHARL). Lectotypified by Hitchcock & Chase, Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 15: 303. 1910.

** Not applicable or data not available.

Source

County	Herbaria	Literature Citation (If Applicable)
Alachua	USF
Bradford	FLAS
Brevard	USF
Broward	USF
Calhoun	USF
Charlotte	USF
Citrus	USF
Clay	USF
Collier	USF
Columbia	USF
DeSoto	USF
Dixie	FLAS
Duval	USF
Escambia	USF
Flagler	USF
Franklin	FLAS
Gadsden	FLAS
Gilchrist	USF
Glades	USF
Hamilton	USF
Hardee	USF
Hendry	USF
Hernando	USF
Highlands	USF
Hillsborough	USF
Jackson	USF
Jefferson	USF
Lafayette	FLAS
Lake	USF
Lee	USF
Leon	USF
Levy	USF
Liberty	USF
Madison	USF
Manatee	USF
Marion	USF
Martin	USF
Miami-Dade	USF
Monroe Mainland	FSU
Nassau	USF
Okaloosa	FLAS
Okeechobee	USF USF
Orange	USF
Osceola	USF
Palm Beach	USF
Pasco	USF
Pinellas	USF
Polk	USF
Putnam	USF
Santa Rosa	UWFP
Sarasota	USF
Seminole	USF
St. Johns	USF
St. Lucie	FLAS
Sumter	USF
Taylor	FLAS
Union	FLAS
Volusia	USF
Wakulla	FSU
Walton	FLAS
Washington	FSU

Synonyms

– Denotes synonyms that are applicable to the state. Show these synonyms only

Synonym	Full Citation	Basionym	Type
Dichanthelium commutatum subsp. ashei	Dichanthelium commutatum (Schultes) Gould, subsp. ashei (G. Pearson ex Ashe) Freckmann & Lelong, Sida 20: 169. 2002.	BASIONYM: Panicum ashei G. Pearson ex Ashe 1898; Panicum commutatum Schultes, var. minor Vasey 1889.
Dichanthelium commutatum subsp. equilaterale	Dichanthelium commutatum (Schultes) Gould, subsp. equilaterale (Lamson-Scribner) Freckmann & Lelong, Sida 20: 169. 2002.	BASIONYM: Panicum equilaterale Lamson-Scribner 1898.
Dichanthelium commutatum subsp. joorii	Dichanthelium commutatum (Schultes) Gould, subsp. joorii (Vasey) Freckmann & Lelong, Sida 20: 169. 2002.	BASIONYM: Panicum joorii Vasey 1889.
Dichanthelium commutatum var. ashei	Dichanthelium commutatum (Schultes) Gould, var. ashei (G. Pearson ex Ashe) Mohlenbrock, Erigenia 6: 26. 1985, nom. illegit.	BASIONYM: Panicum ashei G. Pearson ex Ashe 1898; Panicum commutatum Schultes, var. minor Vasey 1898.
Dichanthelium joorii	Dichanthelium joorii (Vasey) Mohlenbrock, Erigenia 6: 26. 1985.	BASIONYM: Panicum joorii Vasey 1889.
Panicum ashei	Panicum ashei G. Pearson ex Ashe, J. Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc. 15: 35. 1898.	BASIONYM: Panicum commutatum Schult., var. minor Vasey
Panicum commutatum	Panicum commutatum Schultes, Mant. 2: 242. 1824.	BASIONYM: Panicum nervosum Muhlenberg ex Elliott 1816, non Lamarck 1797, nec Rottler 1803.
Panicum commutatum var. ashei	Panicum commutatum Schultes, var. ashei (G. Pearson ex Ashe) Fernald, Rhodora 36: 83. 1934, nom. illegit.	BASIONYM: Panicum ashei G. Pearson ex Ashe 1898; Panicum commutatum Schultes, var. minor Vasey 1889
Panicum commutatum var. equilaterale	Panicum commutatum Schultes, var. equilaterale (Lamson-Scirbner) Wipff, Sida 20: 1044. 2003.	BASIONYM: Panicum equilaterale Lamson-Scirbner 1898.
Panicum commutatum var. minor	Panicum commutatum Schultes, var. minor Vasey, Bull. Div. Agrostol., U.S.D.A. 8: 34. 1889.		TYPE: SOUTH CAROLINA: Aiken Co.: Aiken, 1867, Ravenal s.n. (lectotype: NY). Lectotypified by Hitchcock & Chase, Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 15: 304. 1910.
Panicum divergens	Panicum divergens Kunth, in Humboldt et al., Nov. Gen. Sp. 1: 102. Jan 1816, nom. rej.		TYPE: ECUADOR: Pichincha: Sangolquí, s.d., Humboldt & Bonpland s.n. (holotype: P; isotype: US fragm).
Panicum epilifolium	Panicum epilifolium Nash, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 26: 571. 1899.		TYPE: FLORIDA: Lake Co.: Eustis, 12-31 Mar 1894, Nash 45 (lectotype: NY). Lectotypified by Hitchcock & Chase, Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 15: 310. 1910.
Panicum equilaterale	Panicum equilaterale Lamson-Scribner, Bull. Div. Agrostol., U.S.D.A. 11: 42, pl. 2. 1898.		TYPE: FLORIDA: Lake Co.: Eustis, Aug 1894, Nash 1674 (lectotype: US). Lectotypified by Hitchcock & Chase, Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 15: 310. 1910.
Panicum joorii	Panicum joorii Vasey, Bull. Div. Agrostol., U.S.D.A. 8: 31. 1889.		TYPE: LOUISIANA: East Baton Rouge Par.: Near Baton Rouge, 1 Oct 1885, Joor 39 (holotype: US).
Panicum manatense	Panicum manatense Nash, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 24: 42. 1897.		TYPE: FLORIDA: Manatee Co.: NE of Palmetto, 21 Aug 1895, Nash 2428a holotype: NY).
Panicum mutabile	Panicum mutabile Lamson-Scribner & J. G. Smith ex Nash, in Small, Fl. S.E. U.S. 103, 1327. 1903.		TYPE: MISSISSIPPI: Harrison Co.: Biloxi, 1896, Tracy 3074 (holotype: NY).
Panicum nervosum	Panicum nervosum Muhlenberg ex Elliott, Sketch Bot. S. Carolina 1: 122. 1816, non Lamarck 1797, nec Rottler 1803.		TYPE: Without data, Muhlenberg s.n. (lectotype: CHARL). Lectotypified by Hitchcock & Chase, Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 15: 303. 1910.
Panicum polyneuron	Panicum polyneuron Steudel, Syn. Pl. Glumac. 1: 91. 1854, nom. illegit.	BASIONYM: Panicum commutatum Schultes 1824; Panicum nervosum Muhlenberg ex Elliott 1816, non Lamarck 1797, nec Rottler 1803.
Panicum commelinaefolium	Panicum commelinifolium Ashe, J. Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc. 15: 29. 1898, non Rudge 1805.		TYPE: GEOGIA: DeKalb Co.: Near Stone Mountain, 1-6 Aug 1895, Small s.n. (lectotype: US). Lectotypified by Hitchcock & Chase, Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 15: 304. 1910.
Panicum commutatum var. latifolium	Panicum commutatum Schultes, var. latifolium Lamson-Scribner, in Kearney, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 20: 476. 1893.		TYPE: KENTUCKY: Harlan Co.: Pine Mountain, Aug 1893, Kearney 299(?) (lectotype: US). Lectotypified by Hitchcock & Chase, Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 15: 304. 1910. The lectotype is a sheet without data; collection data is from protologue.
Panicum curranii	Panicum curranii Ashe, J. Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc. 15: 113. 1899.	BASIONYM: Panicum commelinifolium Ashe 1898, non Rudge 1805.
Panicum enslinii	Panicum enslinii Trinius, Gram. Panic. 230. 1826.		TYPE: "Am. bor.", without data, Enslin s.n. (lectotype: LE). Lectotypified by Hitchcock & Chase, Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 15: 304. 1910.
Panicum hintonii	Panicum hintonii Swallen, Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 29: 419. 1950.		TYPE: MEXICO: Mexico: Bejucos, Temascaltepec, 8 Nov 1932, Hinton 2527 (holotype: US).
Panicum leiophyllum	Panicum leiophyllum E. Fournier, Mexic. Pl. 2: 20. 1886, non Nees von Esenbeck 1829.		TYPE: MEXICO: Veracruz: "in valle Cordovensi", Jan, Bourgeau s.n. holotype: P).
Panicum nitidum var. majus	Panicum nitidum Lamarck, var. majus Pursh, Fl. Amer. Sept. 67. 1814.		TYPE: Without data (lectotype: K). Lectotypified by Hitchcock & Chase, Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 15: 303. 1910.
Panicum subsimplex	Panicum subsimplex Ashe, Bull. N. Carolina Agric. Exp. Sta. 175: 115. 1900.		TYPE: DELAWARE: Newcastle Co.: Near Wilmington, Aug, Commons s.n. (holo- type: NCU).
Panicum umbrosum	Panicum umbrosum Leconte ex Torrey, Cat. Pl. New York 91. 1819, non Retzius 1786.		TYPE: NEW YORK: Essex Co.: Bloomingdale, s.d., Leconte s.n. (lectotype: NY). Lectotypified by Hitchcock & Chase, Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 15: 301. 1910.

Listed Status: Florida

Listed Status:	(Florida):Source - Plants in the Preservation of Native Flora of Florida Act. Chapter 5B-40, Florida Administrative Code. 1998, amended.
Endangered:	A species of plants native to the state that are in imminent danger of extinction within the state, the survival of which is unlikely if the causes of a decline in the number of plants continue, and includes all species determined to be endangered or threatened pursuant to the Federal Endangered Species Act of 1973, as amended.
Threatened:	Listed as Threatened Plants in the Preservation of Native Flora of Florida Act. Defined as species of plants native to the state that are in rapid decline in the number of plants within the state, but which have not so decreased in such number as to cause them to be endangered.

Listed Status: US

Listed Status: US	(U.S.) Source - List of Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants under the provisions of the Endangered Species Act of 1973, as amended.
Endangered:	Any species which is in danger of extinction throughout all or a significant portion of its range.
Threatened:	Any species which is likely to become an endangered species within the foreseeable future throughout all or a significant portion of its range.

WAP: Wetland AssessmentProcedure

Wetland Assessment Procedure (WAP): Source - Southwest Florida Water Management District, Wetland Assessment Procedure Instruction Manual for Isolated Wetlands (March 2005).

AD:	Adaptive Species. Plant species designated as FAC or Upland by DEP, but commonly seen in the transition zone in limited numbers.
D:	Deep Species. Plant species commonly found in the deep zone, and designated either FAC or OBL by DEP.
OD:	Outer Deep Species. Plant species commonly found in the outer deep zone, and designated either FACW or OBL by DEP.
T:	Transition Species. Plant species commonly found in the transition zone, and designated either FACW or OBL by DEP.
U:	Upland Species. Plant species that are not expected to be seen in wetlands.

ANY - WAP critieria is not taken into consideration
Yes - Show results with WAP designations
No - Show results without WAP designations

EPPC: Exotic Pest Plant Council

EPPC:

Source - Florida Exotic Pest Plant Council's 2007 List of Florida's Most Invasive Species

Category I - Species that are invading and disrupting native plant communities in Florida. This definition does not rely on the economic severity or geographic range of the problem, but on the documented ecological damage caused.

Category II - Species that have shown a potential to disrupt native plant communities. These species may become ranked as Category I, but have not yet demonstrated disruption of natural Florida communities.

DEP: Department of Environmental Protection

Wetland Status, Department of Environmental Regulation (DEP): Source - Delineation of the Landward Extent of Wetlands and Surface Waters, Chapter 62-340, Florida Administrative Code. 1994.

OBL:	Obligate wetland. Occurs almost always under natural conditions in wetlands.
FACW:	Facultative Wetland. Usually occurs in wetlands, but occasionally found in non-wetlands
FAC:	Facultative. equally likely to occur in wetlands or non-wetlands.

NWI: National list of vascular plant species that occur in wetlands

Wetland Status (NWI): Source - National list of vascular plant species that occur in wetlands. US Fish & Wildlife Service Biological Report 88(24). National Wetlands Inventory, US Fish & Wildlife Service. 1988.

OBL:	Obligate Wetland. Occurs almost always (estimated probability 99%) under natural conditions in wetlands.
FACW:	Facultative Wetland. Usually occurs in wetlands (estimated probability 67%-99%), but occasionally found in non-wetlands.
FAC:	Facultative. Equally likely to occur in wetlands or non-wetlands (estimated probability 34%-66%).
FACU:	Facultative Upland. Usually occurs in non-wetlands (estimated probability 67%-99%), but occasionally found in wetlands (estimated probability 1%-33%).
UPL:	Obligate Upland. Occurs in wetlands in another region, but occurs almost always (estimated probability 99%) under natural conditions in non-wetlands in the regions specified.

A positive (+) or negative (-) sign is used with the Facultative indicator category to more specifically define the regional frequency of occurrence in wetlands. The positive sign indicates a frequency toward the higher end of the category (more frequently found in wetlands), and a negative sign indicates a frequency toward the lower end of the category (less frequently found in wetlands).

Persisting

Identifying species that appear as waifs or only periodically appear in the flora for a few seasons.

Any - Persisting critieria is not taken into consideration
Yes - Show results with a Persisting value of Y
No - Show results without Persisting value of N

Duration

Annual:	Plants that perform their entire lifecycle within a single growing season. All roots, stems, and leaves die at the end of the growing season. Over wintering seeds allow the next generation to appear.
Biennial:	A plant that is typically vegetative its first year and blooms the following season. Once it has bloomed and set seed, the plant dies. Garlic mustard is an example of a biennial.
Perennial:	These plants live for three or more seasons. Many perennials may not be mature enough to bloom during its first year. Perennial wildflowers re-grow each season from overwinter root material.

Category

Vascular:	Any of various plants that have the vascular tissues xylem and phloem. The vascular plants include all seed-bearing plants (the gymnosperms and angiosperms) and the pteridophytes (including the ferns, lycophytes, and horsetails). Also called tracheophyte.
Bryophyte:	A large group of seedless green plants including the mosses, liverworts, and hornworts. Bryophytes lack the specialized tissues xylem and phloem that circulate water and dissolved nutrients in the vascular plants. Bryophytes generally live on land but are mostly found in moist environments, for they have free-swimming sperm that require water for transport. In contrast to the vascular plants, the gametophyte (haploid) generation of bryophytes constitutes the larger plant form, while the small sporophyte (diploid) generation grows on or within the gametophyte and depends upon it for nutrition.
Lichen:	The mutualistic symbiotic association of a fungus with an alga or a cyanobacterium, or both. The fungal component of a lichen absorbs water and nutrients from the surroundings and provides a suitable environment for the alga or cyanobacterium. These live protected among the dense fungal hyphae and produce carbohydrates for the fungus by photosynthesis. Owing to this partnership, lichens can thrive in harsh environments such as mountaintops and polar regions. The more familiar lichens grow slowly as crusty patches, but lichens are found in a variety of forms, such as the tall, plantlike reindeer moss. The association between the different organisms in a lichen is so close that lichens are routinely referred to as a single organism, and scientists classify lichens using the name of the fungal component.

(Definitions from: American Heritage Science Dictionary)

Growth Habit

Intro paragraph to be provided by New York.

Vine:	DESCRIPTION TO BE PROVIDED BY NEW YORK.
Shrub:	DESCRIPTION TO BE PROVIDED BY NEW YORK.
Tree:	DESCRIPTION TO BE PROVIDED BY NEW YORK.
Et cetera:	DESCRIPTION TO BE PROVIDED BY NEW YORK.

State Rank

This numeric rank provides the relative rarity for each species based on a scale from 1 (very rare) to 5 (common). These ranks carry no legal status.

S1 - Typically 5 or fewer occurrences, very few remaining individuals, acres, or miles of stream, or some factor of its biology making it especially vulnerable in the state.
S2 - Typically 6 to 20 occurrences, few remaining individuals, acres, or miles of stream, or factors demonstrably making it very vulnerable in the state.
S3 - Typically 21 to 100 occurrences, limited acreage, or miles of stream in the state.
S4 - Apparently secure in the state.
S5 - Demonstrably secure in the state.
SE - State exotic or non-native.
SH - Historically known from the state, but not seen in the past 15 years.
SNA - Species for which a rank is not applicable. This is mainly those species which are now excluded from flora for various reasons.
SNR - Not yet ranked.
SX - Apparently extirpated from the state.

Global Rank

Each species' global rank is determined by NatureServe. These ranks carry no legal weight. The global rank reflects the species worldwide rarity.

G1 - Critically imperiled globally because of extreme rarity (5 or fewer occurrences), or very few remaining acres, or miles of stream) or especially vulnerable to extinction because of some factor of its biology.
G2 - Imperiled globally because of rarity (6 - 20 occurrences, or few remaining acres, or miles of stream) or very vulnerable to extinction throughout its range because of other factors.
G3 - Imperiled globally because of rarity (6 - 20 occurrences, or few remaining acres, or miles of stream) or very vulnerable to extinction throughout its range because of other factors.
G4 - Imperiled globally because of rarity (6 - 20 occurrences, or few remaining acres, or miles of stream) or very vulnerable to extinction throughout its range because of other factors.
G5 - Demonstrably secure globally, though it may be quite rare in parts of its range, especially at the periphery.
GH - Historically known, with the expectation that it might be rediscovered.
GNA - Species for which a rank is not applicable. NatureServe does not typically rank hybrid species.
GNR - Not yet ranked.
GX - Species believed to be extinct.

Filter by County - Counties to Include - ANY versus ALL

Any - An Any search will combine the list of counties to include with a Boolean Or. Plant species returned will be found within at least one of the selected counties.
All - An All search will combine the list of counties to include with a Boolean And. Plant species returned will be found within each of the selected counties.

Filter by County - Counties to Exclude - ANY versus ALL

Any - An Any search will combine the list of counties to exclude with a Boolean Or. Plant species returned will not be found within at least one of the selected counties.
All - An All search will combine the list of counties to exclude with a Boolean And. Plant species returned will not be found within any of the selected counties.

Associated Ecological Communities

View a List of All Ecological Communities

For more information, contact: Dr. Richard Wunderlin or Dr. Bruce Hansen

Web Development: | The Florida Center for Community Design + Research

A member of the University of South Florida family of PlantAtlas.org websites

Citation Information:

Wunderlin, R. P., and B. F. Hansen. 2008. Atlas of Florida Vascular Plants (http://www.plantatlas.usf.edu/).[S. M. Landry and K. N. Campbell (application development), Florida Center for Community Design and Research.] Institute for Systematic Botany, University of South Florida, Tampa.

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Definition: Vouchered Specimen

A voucher specimen is a pressed and thoroughly dried plant sample deposited in a herbarium, and is intended to be a permanent record supporting research purposes. A voucher may be a record of a plant's occurrence in a particular area, or a specific example of a plant used in a scientific investigation.

Proper vouchers display all the necessary attributes for complete identification of the plant, and are to be accompanied by accurate locality, habitat, collection time, and collector data.

Only plant populations vouchered by specimens deposited in Index Herbariorum http://sciweb.nybg.org/science2/IndexHerbariorum.asp recognized herbaria are represented on this map.

Dichanthelium commutatum

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Classification

Citation

Source

Synonyms